Pecuária na Amazônia e o desafio da Sustentabilidade
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Data
2017-05-10Autor
http://lattes.cnpq.br/1081832412313971
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5380
NEVES, Kedson Alessandri Lobo
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Livestock production in the Amazon basin in the last decade has strongly contributed to the expansionary scenario of animal production in Brazil.The bovines’ herd of the Legal Amazon represents 36.95% of the national herd. In order to show the local changes in livestock activity, three (3) studies were carried out focusing on the municipalities of Monte Alegre and Santarém, in the Lower Amazon region. The first study focuses on the spatial analysis of land use and land cover based on two periods, the years 2001 and 2014 and the changes in land use and land cover in this interregnum, associated with the analysis of deforestation in the period, and the correlation between economic data and deforestation. The second study investigated the way cattle farming is practiced in the Lower Amazon region of Pará, considering three (three) strata of breeders: small, medium and large. The third study sought to verify the behavior of soil fertility and microbiological attributes in five (5) different types of soil use. In the municipality of Santarém, the main land cover class in 2014 was the forest, with 835,723.38 ha, showing little variation between the years 2001 and 2014 and accounting for 46.51% of the total area of the municipality. Livestock production increased from 21,897.29 ha in 2001 to 39,429.20 ha in 2014, with a percentage increase of 80.06% and agriculture 16,717.95 ha in 2001 to 22,353.97 ha in 2014 with a percentage increase of 33.71%.When analyzing the soil conversion in Santarém and its metropolitan area, it was verified, in this study, the total of 139,193.96 ha converted. Of this total 46,810.34 ha in Santarém, 68,929.87 ha in Mojuí dos Campos and 23,45 3.75 ha in Belterra. Deforestation in the municipality of Santarém in the period studied was 889.5 km2, in Belterra it was 139.7 Km2 and in Monte Alegre it was 305.2 Km2. By associating the deforestation values of the three (3) municipalities and comparing them with the sum of the herds, the r value was 0.1431, the r2 value was 0.0205, with p = 0.3666, the variable Deforestation in the studied period had no influence on the herd population, which continued to increase, despite the decline in deforestation rates. The analysis of the municipal GDP of the three municipalities of the Lower Amazon reflects the need for diversification of the economic matrix, except for the municipality of Santarém, with a GDP where the service sector places the municipality as a regional pole, the other Municipalities are mostly dependent on the GDP generated by the agricultural sector. In the present study, there was a moderate to strongly negative trend in the correlations between deforestation rate and GDP. In the experiment II, of the breeders interviewed in the municipality of Santarém, 51.55% have properties on the mainland and 48.45% in the várzea region and in the municipality of Monte Alegre. 83.93% of the properties are located in the mainland and 16, 07% in the várzea region. Regarding the use of biotechnologies, it was verified that 12.18% of the producers of Santarém and 10.71% of Monte Alegre used biotechnologies in the reproduction of their herd. The birth rate varied according to the size of the breeding stock in the three (3) strata surveyed. In the municipality of Santarém, the average birth rate was 56.92%, being 51.55% in the small, 58.23% In the middle and 60.99% in the big breeders. In Monte Alegre the average was 46.88%, being 27.77% in the small, 51.30% in the middle and 60.97% in the big ones. In Monte Alegre, it was verified that of the fifty (50) cattle ranchers, 18 (eighteen) use some type of intensification in cattle raising, obtaining a technology index of 36% in the municipality. In Santarém, out of a total of 47 (forty seven) interviewees, 19 (nineteen) producers use some degree of intensification of livestock, resulting in an index of technology use of 40.42% in livestock. In the
experiment III, it was verified that the soil density in the 5 (five)types of use studied, did not present statistical differences for the factor use and time, but the sites JW1 and JW2 presented higher amount of carbon than the degraded grass. Soil fertility results were higher in the areas managed in ILP and ILPF than in degraded pasture and MATA, evidencing the importance of incorporating management techniques and the integrated production system.
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