Impactos ambientais decorrentes da ocupação urbana – Bela Vista do Juá, Santarém - Pará, Região Amazônica

Abstract

This thesis aimed to evaluate the main socio-environmental impacts associated with the irregular occupation of Bela Vista do Juá, in the municipality of Santarém. As a way of assessing these impacts, surveys were carried out of secondary data from public bodies, and primary data from residents and occupation leaders, such as: evolution of occupation, infrastructure, sanitation, electricity, among other social aspects for the development of work, and for the generation of an ontological model. As main results, we can mention expansion of the consolidated area, largely by residents who did not have their own home, initially encouraged by people linked to social movements, focused on irregular occupations, often with the purpose of speculation, and generating the removal of a large part of the native vegetation, and the impermeability of the soil. The disorderly occupation causes flooding due to the lack of drainage, causing damage mainly in the low-lying areas, on the Fernando Guilhon Highway and near the end of Rua da Alegria, which, according to topographic mapping and indications given by residents, are the areas where most of the of flooding, and where the water quality of the wells was of lower quality, with high levels of nitrate and low dissolved oxygen related to the decomposition of organic matter and sewage. In addition to negative effects on groundwater quality, the water quality of Lake Juá is also affected by contamination, the lake has high levels of heavy metals, of which Cadmium, Lead, Copper was evaluated. Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel and Zinc, these alterations were marked for iron (1549.64 mg kg-1) and mercury (0.40 mg kg-1), being in disagreement with resolutions nº 420/2009 and 454/ 2012 C1 of Conama, specifically these metals have high natural concentrations in the Amazonian soil, and are released into the environment by the process of burning and deforestation, which corroborate the statement that the occupation generated environmental liabilities to the environment. These actions, such as deforestation, soil sealing and constructions made of highly reflective materials, generated a thermal island of heat in the Ocupation of Juá, with up to 16°C difference compared to forested areas, resembling the average temperature of the central areas of the cities and an average increase of 6 °C between 2013 and 2020. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the occupation process is already irreversibly consolidated, where it is in the process of annexation as a new district of the municipality. As future perspectives, it is expected to obtain more detailed information from this process for a better adequacy of urban planning and mitigation of environmental changes that affect the climate, such as the development of urbanization projects, drainage engineering, and afforestation in points of islands of heat, and the reforestation of the APP areas to protect the lake against the carrying of debris from the adjacent areas, being a reference in future areas of urbanization, and thus bringing dignity to these populations.