Proposta de unidade de ensino potencialmente significativa em radiação do corpo negro e efeito fotoelétrico

Abstract

Several works in the literature describe the diffiulties that students, specifially of high school, face when approaching the contents of the discipline of Physics. Among these, those related to Modern Physics, due to the level of abstraction and little contact with everyday experiences, are objects of special learning complexity. In this context, we present in this work the development of a sequence didactic that works more specifially with the concepts of Black Body Radiation and Photoelectric Effect, applied with 3rd year students of a technical course integrated to the High School of a Teaching Institution of the Federal Brazilian Network. The overall objective of this work is to propose a facilitator for the learning processes about radiation from the black body and the photoelectric effect of high school students, through a Unit of Potentially Signifiant Teaching - UEPS. The theoretical framework of learning used in the project is the Theory of Conceptual Fields (CBT), whose author is Gérard Vergnaud. The focus of the project is a didactic sequence, in which the methodology of teaching is based on Moreira’s UEPS and data analysis is done through Analysis of Bardin’s Content, together with support from the theoretical framework of CBT, to emphasize the possible operational invariants expressed by students in interaction with problem situations. An educational product was applied during the second half of 2022, from October to December, with the following execution stages: interaction with virtual simulators, presentation by the professor of proposed subjects, demonstration of experiments of physical concepts, resolution of pencil and paper problems by the students, study of topics related to Radiation Black Body and Photoelectric Effect. The following data collection instruments were used during the application of the educational product: interview, answers to open questions, recording video, audio recording and online form sent the link via Whatsapp. During the fist meetings, the students were participating actively, but with time the participation of the studentes decreased towards the end of the school semester. In the fist collection of data, there is a demand for attention in understanding the effects that were happening in the Black Body Radiation and Photoelectric Effect simulators. After exposition of the subjects, the students were also very interested in the effects that occurred from the experimental demonstration in the Physics laboratory. The main concepts in action found in relation to the fial work were: black hole, radiation, energy, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, mass, temperature, heat, power, electrons and simple electric circuit. It is expected that the results of this work and others within this context will be increasingly accessible and read by teachers, thus generating good impacts on the Teaching of FMC/MQ in the classroom. A future perspective would be to make a deeper analysis of the operative invariants (concepts in action and theorems in action) and compare them with the literature.