Saneamento em comunidades tradicionais: estado da arte e estudo de caso na Resex Tapajós-Arapiuns, Pará

Abstract

In Brazil, the high deficit of basic sanitation services in rural areas demonstrates the importance of strategies to achieve the universalization of services such as water supply and sewerage. In this scenario, the National Rural Sanitation Plan (PNSR) seeks to act in three axes: a) Service Management, b) Education and Social Participation and c) Technology. In view of such context, this dissertation was divided into two chapters, which are in the format of articles. Chapter 1: The objective of the research was to analyse the trends and gaps in scientific publications on the theme of Sanitation in traditional communities in Brazil. The scientometric methodology was used to analyze the main national metrics on the theme published between the years 2006 to 2019, data collection occurred through a quantitative search of scientific papers in the Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and Web Of Science (ISI Web of Knowledge) databases. After data collection, it was made the frequency of occurrence of the data obtained, through the R Studio Program. The results point out low research development in the analyzed period, with higher publications in the years 2014 and 2018. Minas Gerais was the most studied state in the thematic representing, southeast was the most investigated region and Amazonia obtained more researches among the biomes present in the researches. The journal with the highest number of publication was the Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Journal. Health Sciences was the one that had more participations in the researches. There was a higher incidence of research in traditional rural communities. As for the components of the strategic axis of rural sanitation, the researches are involved in the management of services. In view of the results achieved, it is considered important to carry out research on sanitation in Brazil, with emphasis on traditional communities, because the results of the research can guide public policies in the sector of basic sanitation and environmental health, with sanitation and housing infrastructure projects compatible with the socio-environmental specificities of each type of traditional peoples. Chapter 2 aimed at identifying education, social participation, technologies and management of sanitation in communities of the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, west of the state of Pará. This is a qualitative and quantitative exploratory study. Data collection occurred through technical visits and semi-structured interviews with 57 community leaders. It was identified the community self-management developed by the residents themselves who develop the management according to the local reality. The main sanitation technologies identified were built by non-governmental organizations with the community through social mobilization and participation of community residents. Therefore, it is recommended the formulation of local public policies on sanitation together with the social participation of the residents of the RESEX Tapajós-Arapiuns territory, in search of better quality services.