Cobertura do solo e qualidade da água: revisão sistemática das pesquisas brasileiras e estudo de caso em um igarapé no município de Santarém, Pará.

Abstract

The effect of population growth generates social, economic and ecological problems, with consequences that can be perceived when evaluating changes in land use. Among the changes, one can see the road infrastructure, bridges, housing construction, shops, schools, which favor the waterproofing of the soil, consequently changing the local hydrological cycle and microclimate, in addition to the functions and services of the ecosystem. This process reduces the vegetation on the banks and affects water bodies and the entire aquatic ecosystem. In this sense, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of land use change due to urbanization on water quality in urban water bodies in Brazil. To answer this objective, the dissertation was divided into two chapters, which are in article format. Chapter 1: Aimed to systematize scientific articles that deal directly with the urbanization process and its negative impact on the quality of surface water in Brazil. For this chapter, a systematic review was chosen, following the PRISMA-P protocol. A search for scientific articles (published in the last decade) was carried out in the main databases, presenting a picture of research and methodologies used in Brazil. Chapter 2: In order to evaluate the influence of land use and land cover on water quality in a water body in the urban area of the municipality of Santarém, Pará. Water samples were collected from the water body in six different locations, starting at source. The collection took place in four sampling campaigns, during the period between the last semester of 2019 and the second semester of 2020, making it possible to assess seasonal changes in the water body. Sample collections were carried out according to standards determined in the National Guide for Sample Collection and Preservation. Physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters were evaluated. To evaluate the results, the IQA was calculated, which uses nine parameters. To assess land use, the watershed of the igarapé was delimited and an assessment of changes in land use in the last decade was made, using the bioMaps program, complemented with the use of the google Earth program, for visual comparison of the temporal changes that occurred. The results show evidence regarding the growth of studies directed to the problem of water quality in urban water bodies, which made it possible to identify the main methodologies used in the studies, as well as the main results obtained. It also provided an assessment of the urban water body in the municipality of Santarém, identifying temporal and locational variations, which prove the complexity of the environmental assessment of a water body located in an urban area, in a constant process of urbanization. It is concluded that the study allows an analysis of possible changes in the water quality of surface water bodies due to the change in land use, which directly reflects on the common use of the water body, as these changes can cause a reduction in the standard of quality and make it unfeasible for leisure and animal consumption.