Indicadores de uso eficiente da água em agricultura familiar irrigada sob condições climáticas na Amazônia Oriental e na África Austral

Abstract

Potable water resources are limited, with more than 70% of this water is being used for agricultural irrigation purposes. Water scarcity in the soil is among the main limitations in expressing the productive potential of a crop. Among the decision-making strategies in periods of water deficits is the adoption of irrigation systems to guarantee productivity in each year/harvest, but it is necessary to point out indicators of sustainability in agriculture. Thus, the objective was to analyze indicators of efficient water use under climatic conditions in the Eastern Amazon and Southern Africa using irrigation technology with clay pots as a strategy, in familybased agriculture. Quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted, where, from diagnostic tools using secondary data, qualitative, quantitative, regulatory and reputational risk indicators of the river basins that supply the agricultural areas of the two countries (Brazil and Mozambique) were obtained. It was found that the risks between the river basins are different, where Santarém was in the low to medium category and Maputo was at high risk, signaling greater attention to the use of water resources in irrigated crops in Maputo. The two municipalities have high regulatory and reputational risk, risks ofcontamination of springs and groundwater. Using water balances, water stocks in the soil were estimated to assess the scalability of irrigation in both countries. It was found that, especially horticultures in the province of Maputo, need to adopt strategies for water replacement almost throughout the year. In Santarém, family-based farmers, especially in years of climatic extremes such as El Niño, demand irrigation strategies, between the months of August and November when there is an intensification in the reduction of rainfall in the region. Based on the authorization of the ethics committee, it was diagnosed that the profile of horticulturists in Vale do Infulene, in Maputo, has a low educational level with a predominance of those over 50 years of age. Also, it was found that manual irrigation is used, from groundwater, rivers. From the installation of a didactic test, it was confirmed that in Maputo there is raw material to implement units similar to the Technological Reference Unit (URT), installed since 2016 in the community of Lavras, in Santarém, in the west of the state of Pará. Also, it was found that the URT is a typical space of Ba's theory, as it has consolidated knowledge about irrigation technology that reuses rainwater and has a solution that supplies the pots autonomously, being a strategic model of integration of knowledge among the actors responsible for the implementation, adoption and transfer of the technology, called IrrigaPote. Applying the Fofa matrix (SWOT), it was observed that this is a social technology that points out indicators of efficient use of water to guarantee the supply of food using conservation practices in the efficient use of water in both countries, extending to any other region productive agriculture, as long as there is a clay pot, generating food, employment and income for farmers and new opportunities for artisans.