Técnicas de identificação de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por esgoto do- méstico: uma abordagem a partir da revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract

Drinking water is one of the planet's most valuable resources. According to the National Water Agency (ANA, 2020), 69% of all freshwater on the planet is difficult to access, being located in glaciers, 30% in groundwater, stored in aquifers, and finally, 1% found in rivers; Therefore, groundwater represents a large portion of the world's drinking water. In Brazil, it is widely used to supply cities, after all, more than half of Brazilian municipalities need this water in some way. However, due to disorganized population growth, cities have developed in such a way that the aquifers that supply them became increasingly polluted. Pollution of aquifers poses risks to the health of the population through toxic substances or waterborne diseases; however, it is not so easy to detect when groundwater is contaminated due to its location. In this sense, the objective of this study is, through a systematic bibliographic review (SLR), to evaluate and list the best ways to identify groundwater contamination due to incorrect disposal of domestic sewage, in order to possibly remediate or prevent cases in Itaituba-PA. To this end, the SLR was conducted using the StArt software, consulting the Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering the planning, conduction and documentation stages. As a result, 256 articles related to the theme were identified, 9 of which adhered in the research. It was noted that the most commonly used techniques for identifying groundwater contamination by domestic sewage were: water sampling and laboratory analysis, using spectroscopy to detect chemical substances; and filtering and production of bacterial culture media to detect fecal coliphorms. It was concluded that a comprehensive understanding of these approaches not only contributes for preservation of groundwater quality, but also serves as a base for the formulation of policies and practices that aim to mitigate the harmful impacts of contamination by domestic sewage, especially in the city of Itaituba-PA.